Mosque architecture must provide thermal comfort for its users and optimise energy efficiency. Mosques require high energy consumption, especially during prayer times, due to their large interior spaces and intermittent occupancy patterns. This high energy demand is usually caused by excessive use of mechanical heating and cooling systems, negatively affecting energy efficiency. This study examines the main factors affecting the energy efficiency of mosque buildings. This study used bibliometric analysis to examine current articles from the Web of Science database. The analysis utilised Bibliometrix and VOSviewer programs to represent the data visually. VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package for R software were used to visualise the analysis results. Content analysis of the collected research aims to determine the basic parameters affecting thermal comfort and energy efficiency in mosque architecture. The literature review highlighted that energy inefficiency in mosque buildings primarily stems from inadequate building envelope design and unsuitable operational strategies. Enhancing the thermal performance of the building envelope is crucial for reducing energy consumption. The study also emphasises existing research gaps and suggests potential future research areas. By addressing these gaps, the study aims to provide insights into how future research could impact the design and operation of mosque buildings, ultimately improving their energy efficiency and thermal comfort. In particular, optimising building envelope components such as walls, roofs, and windows can increase energy efficiency by reducing the negative impact of external climate conditions on the interior. In addition, innovative operational methods such as zoning strategies can save energy by air-conditioning specific areas within the mosque, and these strategies have the potential to reduce energy consumption by half. Studies have shown that thermal comfort strategies implemented in mosque buildings significantly reduce energy consumption. However, further research is needed to improve energy efficiency and thermal performance. Future studies should focus on innovative solutions to improve energy efficiency and optimise thermal comfort in mosque design. Optimising building design and operational strategies will play an important role in increasing the sustainability of mosque buildings.