The architecture of mosques has significantly evolved since Islam's inception in the 7th century, reflecting the diverse cultural, social, and technological contexts of the Muslim world. This evolution showcases the adaptability of Islamic architectural principles and mirrors the changing needs and aspirations of Muslim communities across different eras and regions. This study explores the historical development of mosque architecture, focusing on key transformations in form, design elements, and cultural significance. It aims to understand how mosque architecture has both influenced and been shaped by the cultural landscapes in which it is situated, while considering the impact of local cultures and Islamic principles. Using a historical-analytical approach combined with quantitative methods, the research reviews a range of primary and secondary sources, including architectural treatises, historical texts, and contemporary studies on Islamic architecture. Case studies of prominent mosques from various periods and regions are analyzed to illustrate the evolution of design elements and their cultural contexts. Quantitative data on architectural elements, spatial usage, and construction materials are collected to support comparative analysis, highlighting differences and similarities across various Islamic cultures. The findings reveal that mosque architecture has undergone significant changes due to regional influences, technological advancements, and socio-political contexts. Early mosques, like the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, emphasized simplicity and communal space. In contrast, the Umayyad and Abbasid periods introduced monumental scales and intricate designs, as seen in mosques like the Great Mosque of Damascus. The Ottoman era further evolved mosque architecture with innovations like the large central dome, exemplified by the Suleymaniye Mosque. Contemporary mosque designs continue to evolve by incorporating modern materials and digital technologies while retaining symbolic elements like the mihrab and minaret, blending tradition with modernity. This study highlights the dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation in mosque architecture, shaped by cultural, technological, and socio-political factors. Understanding this evolution provides insights into the historical development of Islamic architecture and informs contemporary mosque design, ensuring it meets the spiritual and communal needs of Muslim communities worldwide.

The design morphology and composition of mosque architecture have transformed significantly, reflecting evolving aesthetic preferences, functional needs, and technological advancements. These changes underscore the dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation within Islamic architecture. This study examines contemporary mosque design morphology and composition, focusing on the influence of modern architectural practices while adhering to traditional Islamic principles. The research aims to identify and analyze key morphological and compositional elements in contemporary mosque architecture, exploring how these elements contribute to the aesthetic and functional quality of mosques and resonate with the cultural and spiritual needs of Muslim communities. It also assesses the integration of modern design practices with traditional architectural elements. Employing a quantitative approach, the research systematically collects and analyzes data from various contemporary mosque designs, including architectural plans, elevations, and photographs. Surveys and interviews with architects, users, and community leaders further enrich the study. Statistical analysis identifies common design patterns, trends, and variations, while case studies of selected contemporary mosques provide detailed insights into their design morphology and composition. Findings reveal that contemporary mosque architecture increasingly integrates modern design elements such as minimalism, sustainability, and digital technologies, while retaining key traditional features like the mihrab, minaret, and dome. The use of modern materials and construction techniques has enabled more innovative and flexible designs, allowing mosques to better serve their communities. Additionally, there is a growing trend towards multifunctional spaces within mosques, reflecting their expanded role as community centers. In conclusion, the study shows that the design morphology and composition of contemporary mosques reflect a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. This evolution aligns with broader trends in global architecture and responds to the changing needs of Muslim communities. The research underscores the importance of balancing traditional Islamic architectural principles with contemporary design innovations to create mosques that are both aesthetically pleasing and functionally relevant. Understanding these trends can guide future mosque designs, ensuring they continue to fulfill their spiritual, cultural, and social roles.

The role of mosques extends beyond religious functions, acting as crucial urban and community centers in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. This study investigates the multifaceted relationship between mosques and their urban contexts, focusing on user perception, inclusive practices, and the integration of mosques within contemporary cities. The objective of this research is to understand the evolving function of mosques as community hubs, the inclusive practices in mosque architecture, the relationship between mosques and urban development, and the criteria for mosque site selection. Additionally, it explores the role of mosques during disasters and in post-disaster recovery, emphasizing their potential as resilient community centers. The research follows a quantitative approach, utilizing surveys, structured interviews, and observational studies to gather data from various mosques. The data collection focuses on user experiences, perceptions, and expectations. Statistical analysis is used to identify trends and correlations. Case studies of mosques in diverse urban settings provide a deeper understanding of their role and impact on communities. The findings reveal that contemporary mosques are increasingly designed to serve diverse community needs, incorporating facilities for women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. Users perceive mosques as integral parts of the urban fabric, contributing to social cohesion and community development. Inclusive architectural practices are highlighted as essential for enhancing user experiences. The study also identifies effective site selection criteria, emphasizing accessibility, visibility, and proximity to community centers. Furthermore, the results underscore the vital role of mosques in disaster response, demonstrating their capacity to provide shelter and support during emergencies. In conclusion, this research highlights the dynamic role of mosques in urban and community settings. It underscores the importance of inclusive design practices and strategic site selection in enhancing the functionality and accessibility of mosques. The study advocates for a holistic approach to mosque architecture, integrating traditional Islamic principles with contemporary urban needs. By understanding these trends, architects and planners can design mosques that not only fulfill their religious purpose but also serve as resilient and inclusive community centers.